FMR LLC is the parent holding company of Fidelity Management & Research Company (“FMRCO”), investment manager for US mutual funds, and Fidelity Management Trust Company (“FMTC”), a US state chartered bank which acts as a trustee or investment manager of various pension and trust accounts. Pyramis Global Advisors Trust Company LLC (“PGATC“) and Pyramis Global Advisors LLC (“PGALLC“) are indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of FMR LLC.